Comparative women’s right: Bangladesh perspective

Comparative women’s right: Bangladesh perspective

            There are four main religion practiced in Bangladesh i.e. Islam, Hindu, Christian and Buddha. Besides them there are other people following Jayne, Sheikh, and Dolito. Our topic is comparative women’s right in Bangladesh perspective.

Islam

            Under Islamic law man and woman are treated equally in terms of religion and personality. Discrimination on the ground of religion, sex, color, race, and gender is totally prohibited.

            Economic Right: women are allowed to hold property. They can sale and buy on their own capacity. They are totally free from economic responsibilities of the family.

            Inheritance: they have inheritance on the property. Gift and will should be executed in a specified way.

            Marriage: consent is a condition for the marriage. “Option of Puberty” is granted. Dower is a stipulate condition for the marriage. Non payment of dower may be treated as a ground for divorce. Cruelty , disparity and absence from the home also treated as a ground of divorce. Limited polygamy is allowed. “Khufu” is a necessary element for the marriage.

            Adoption: it is not recognized.

           

Christian

            Men and women are treated equally.

            Economic Right: women can retain property.

            Inheritance: woman has inheritance in the property.

            Marriage: consent is a condition for the marriage. Both the parties has the capacity to denounce the marriage. Polygamy is not recognized.

            Adoption: it is allowed.

Hindu

            Women can hold the post of “Karta” in the family. Sometimes she acts as a legislature for the family.

            Economic Right: women have no right over the property.  They have exclusive right over “Stridhon” property. Widow only exercise the “life interest” over the property.

            Inheritance: there is no inheritance available for women.

            Marriage: Hindus follow the “Dayavaga” school of law. “Pindi” is the condition for haven. The sole purpose of the marriage is to give birth a boy child. Marriage is a religious sacrament. Consent of the women is not required for the marriage. Under the “Orthodox” hindu law, divorce is not permitted. Cast system is followed. Under the “Physhachik” system : rape is considered as a form of marriage. “Factum valid” is practiced. Unlimited marriage can be solemnized in order to get a boy.

            Adoption: it is allowed in certain manner. Only widow can adopt if she acquires prior permission from her husband.

Buddha, Jaino and Sheikh

            Their religion is the mixture of local and religious custom

            Property: women has no right to hold property.

            Inheritance: in inheritance, often they deviate from the religion.

            Marriage: polygamy is allowed. Local custom may override the rules regarding marriage.

            Adoption: it is recognized.

Dolito

            This religion is not supported by the saint of hindu, sometimes they follow the religion in their own course. In some cases, religion has no play in their daily routine i.e. marriage, inheritance and other religious activities.

Special Marriage

            Special marriage is available in the cases where marriage is not possible ob the ground of religion. To get married under this situation, both of the parties have to denounce from the religion. Conditions for special marriage-

1.      18year for female and 21year for male.

2.      Citizen of Bangladesh.

3.      Non believer.

4.      Consent from both the parties.

5.      Polygamy is totally prohibited.

6.      Succession Act will be applied for their inheritance.

Dhaka Imarat Nirman Bidhimala-2008

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Public Property

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Public Property is the property owned by a government.

public property n. property owned by the government or one of its agencies, divisions, or entities. Commonly a reference to parks, playgrounds, streets, sidewalks, schools, libraries and other property regularly used by the general public.

Public property is property which is dedicated to the use of the public. It is a subset of state property.The term may be used either to describe the use to which the property is put, or to describe the character of its ownership (owned collectively by the population of a state). This is in contrast to private property, owned by an individual person or artificial entities that represent the financial interests of persons, such as corporations. State ownership also called public ownership, government ownership or state property, are property interests that are vested in the state, rather than an individual or communities.

Scholars Denying Human Rights

          The traditional structure of the state is influenced by some scholars like Plato, Aristotle and Confucius etc. Present day citizen enjoy certain types of rights being attached to a state. As long, history is concerned people always suppressed by the state. 

           Plato, in his “Republic”, said: “The power should be vexed with the philosopher to run the state”. He also said: “Justice is a means to protect the interest of elite people. Democracy is the government of bad people. He said, in his “Law’s” : “Class justice should be the apex consideration for the well being of a state”. He also said: “Men are better than women”.

          Aristotle said: “A man should be tried on the basis of his status”. He also said: “Slaves are not equal to man”. 

          Confucius said: “I am a happy man because I am not a slave and woman”.

Origin and Development of Human rights at a Glance

origin and development:

          In 11^th century the king 2^nd Conrad for the first time in the history mankind limits the power of parliament.

            In 1188, the king knight Alfansar passed a decree to arrest without law.

            In 15^th June, 15^th century Magna Charta was signed.

            In 1355 Magna Charta was recognized by the British parliament prohibiting the illegal arrest.

             In 1689 Bill of Rights was passed.

            In 1690 John Locke writes a book namely “Treatise on Civil Government”.            

            In 1762 Russo writes a book namely “Civil Contract”.

            Beside these philosophers like Hobbes, Hegel, Machiavelli and many more contributed in the field of human rights.

            In 12June 1776, Georg Mason declared: Virginia Declaration of Rights”.

            In 12 July 1776, America declared its independence.

            In 1792 Thomas Pain writes a book namely ‘The Rights of Man”.

            In 1940, H.G. Wales writes a book namely “The new world order”.

            In 1941 the president Roosevelt advocates for “14 Points”.

            In 1946 France incorporates French Revolution in its constitution.

In 16^th century “Red Revolution took place”.

In 1945 UN was established through UN’s Charter.

In 1948 10^th December Universal Declaration of Human Rights was declared.

In 1965 “International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights”.

In 1965 “International Covenant on Economic, Social   and Cultural Rights” was passed.

5th semester sheet for Islamic Studies, DU

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First Information Report

Introduction

An FIR or First Information Report is the first step to start a criminal case. It may, on initial stage, be divided into two groups: (i) petition case or C.R. (Complaint Register) which is directly filed in the Court; (ii) G.R. (General Register) Cases which are initiated by the police through First Information Report. The person giving information or making a complaint has a right to demand that the information recorded by the police be read to him or her. Then police will start a P.S. Case through investigation and arresting the accused etc.

Definition

A First Information Report or FIR is a written document prepared by the police when they receive information about the commission of a cognizable offence. An FIR is an important document because it sets the process of criminal justice in motion. It is a report of information that reaches the police first in point of time and that is why it is called the First Information Report. It is generally a complaint lodged with the police by the victim of a cognizable offense or by someone on his/her behalf. Anyone can report the commission of a cognizable offence either orally or in writing to the police.

                                        

Procedure on How to File an FIR

The process of filing FIR or First Information Report is provided under Section 154 of the Criminal Procedure Code, 1973. The FIR is the primary information given to a police officer regarding the commission of a crime by the first informant. To file an FIR, the informant has to approach the police station in the jurisdiction of which the offence or crime has taken place.

At the concerned police station, the first informant follows this procedure to file an FIR, which helps launch criminal proceedings:

•         Provide detailed information about the crime to the officer in-charge at the police station.

•         The officer-in-charge records the information in writing (if the information is given orally) and reads it to the informant for verification and confirmation.

•         The informant, after verifying the details, signs on the document, following which the officer records this information in the book prescribed by the state governments. Those are unable to read or write can put their left thumb impression after verifying the correctness of the recorded information.

•         The informant then collects a copy of the FIR from the officer totally free of cost.

•         In case the officer-in-charge refuses to file a complaint, the informant can post the details to the concerned Superintendent of Police, who in turn begins the investigation himself or authorizes a junior officer to conduct the investigations.

File an FIR: Essential Things to Mention

Here are the things that must be mentioned while filing an FIR:

•         The informant's name and address.

•         Name and details of the people involved in the incident.

•         Time, date and exact location of the incident.

•         Precise facts and details of the incident as it occurred.

•         Witnesses, if any

Proforma for the Reporting the First Information of a Cognizable Offence

(Under Section 154 of the Criminal Procedure Code):

Police Station……………..                                  District......................... 

1. Personal details of the Complainant / Informant:

(a) Name

(b) Father's / Husband's Name

(c) Address

(d) Phone number & Fax

(e) Email:

2. Place of Occurrence:

a) Distance from the police station

b) Direction from the police station

3. Date and Hour of Occurrence:

4. Offence: 

a) Nature of the offence (e.g. murder, theft, rape, etc.) 

b) Section(s)

c) Particulars of the property (in case one has got stolen):

5. Description of the accused:

6. Details of witnesses (if any)

7. Complaint: Briefly lay down the facts regarding the incident reported in an accurate way.

At the end of the complaint, the complainant’s/informant’s signature or thumb impression should be there.

G.R. Case

তারিখঃ-১৬/০৪/২০১৩

বরাবর

ভারপ্রাপ্ত কর্মকর্তা,

শাহবাগ থানা,

ডি.এম.পি, ঢাকা ।

বিষয়ঃ- এজহার দায়ের করার প্রসঙ্গে ।

জনাব,

যথাযথ সম্মান প্রদর্শন পূর্বক বিনীত নিবেদন এই যে, আমি হাবিবুল্লা বেলালি (২২), পিতা- মোঃ মকবুল হুসাইন, বর্তমান ঠিকানাঃ বাড়ী নং-০৭, ব্লক ডি, বনশ্রী, ঢাকা, স্থায়ী ঠিকানাঃ গ্রাম- নাঘোসা, পোস্ট- ছান্দড়া, থানা- শালিখা, জেলা- মাগুরা , লিখিতভাবে এজহার দায়ের করিতেছি যে, আমি এখন বারডেম-২ হাসপাতালে ইন্টার্নশিপ করছি । আমার ডিউটি সাধারণত সকাল ৮:০০ টার দিকে শুরু হয় । ডিউটি শুরু করার পূর্বে আমি আমার বাজাজ পালছার গাড়ীটি সাধারণত বারডেম-২ হাসপাতালের অন্তর্গত বেইজমেন্ট-১ এ সিঁড়ির পাশে তালাবদ্ধ করে রেখে যাই । বিগত ইংরেজি ০৭/০৪/২০১৩ তারিখে  অন্যান্য দিনের মত আমি বারডেম-২ হাসপাতালের অন্তর্গত বেইজমেন্ট-১ এ সিঁড়ির পাশে তালাবদ্ধ করে রেখে সকাল ৮:০০ টার সময় ডিউটি শুরু করি এবং বেলা ৩:০০ টার ডিউটি শেষে আমার মোটর বাইকটি বেইজমেন্ট-১ থেকে আনতে যেয়ে দেখি আমার বাইকটি নাই । তখন আমি কর্তব্যরত নিরাপত্তাকর্মী এবং তার ইনচার্জ কে আমার মোটর বাইকটি সম্পর্কে জিজ্ঞাসা করলে আমাকে বলে তারা উক্ত মোটর বাইকটি সম্পর্কে কিছুই জানে না । অতঃপর  আমি বিষয়টি  হাসপাতাল কর্তৃপক্ষকে অবহিত করি । এবং হাসপাতাল কর্তৃপক্ষ উক্ত ঘটনা সম্পর্কে ০৭/০৪/২০১৩ তারিখেই শাহবাগ থানায় একটি সাধারণ ডায়েরী করেন । অনেক খোঁজাখুঁজি  করিয়া আমার গাড়ীর কোন সন্ধান না পাইয়া থানায় আসিয়া এজহার করিতে বিলম্ব হইল । কিন্তু আমার নিকট প্রতীয়মান হয় যে, এখানে  নিরাপত্তাকর্মী এবং তার ইনচার্জ এর অজ্ঞাতসারে  মোটর বাইকটি  চুরি হওয়া সম্ভব নয় ।

নিম্নে মোটর বাইকটি সম্পর্কে বর্ণনা করা হইলঃ

বাজাজ পালছার ১০০ সি সি, রং- লাল, রেজিঃ নং- ঢাকা মেট্রোঃ ল-১৯-৭৯০৫, চেসিস নং- MD2DHDHZZUCJ75425, ইঞ্জিন নং- DHGBUJ47862 । যাহার মূল্য – ১,৯৬,০০০ টাকা । মোটর বাইকটির পিছনে বারডেম হাসপাতালের লোগো লাগানো ছিল ।

অতএব, মহোদয় সমিপে প্রার্থনা এজহারটি গ্রহণ পূর্বক যথাযথভাবে লিপিবদ্ধ করে প্রয়োজনীয় বাবস্থা গ্রহণ করিতে আপনার একান্ত মর্জি হয় ।

বিনীত

হাবিবুল্লা বেলালি

বাড়ী নং-০৭, ব্লক ডি, বনশ্রী, ঢাকা

মোবাইল নং-০১৭২৩৭১৮৭০৭

বি,পি,ফরম নং ২৭

বাংলাদেশ ফরম ৫৩৫৬

প্রাথমিক তথ্য বিবরণী

থানায় পেশকৃত ফৌজদারী বিধান কোষের ১৫৪ নং ধারায় ধর্তব্য অপরাধ সংক্রান্ত প্রাথমিক তথ্য

উপজেলা ...................................................                                   জেলা........................................

নং ............................................................                           ঘটনার তারিখ ও সময় ..........................

পেশ করার তারিখ ও সময়	ঘটনার স্থান, থানা হইতে দূরত্ব ও দিক এবং দায়িত্বাধীন এলাকা নং	থানা হইতে প্রেরণের তারিখ

বিঃ দঃ- প্রাথমিক তথ্য অবশ্যই  সংবাদদাতার স্বাক্ষর অথবা টিপসহি সম্বলিত এবং লিপিবদ্ধকারী অফিসার কর্তৃক সত্যায়িত হইতে হইবে।

সংবাদদাতা এবং অভিযোগকারীর নাম ও বাসস্থান/ঠিকানা	আসামীর নাম ও বাসস্থান/ঠিকানা	ধারাসহ অপরাধ এবং লুণ্ঠিত দ্রব্যাদির সংক্ষিপ্ত বিবরণ	তদন্ত চালনার কর্মতৎপরতা এবং বিলম্বে তথ্য রেকর্ড করার কৈফিয়ত	মামলার ফলাফল

(প্রাথমিক তথ্য নিম্নে লিপিবদ্ধ করিতে হইবে)

স্বাক্ষর..............................................

পদমর্যাদা..........................................

নোটঃ-তথ্যের পাদদেশে সংবাদদাতার স্বাক্ষর অথবা টিপসহি থাকিতে হইবে।

C.R. Case

IN THE COURT OF CHIEF JUDICIAL MAGISTRATE, MYMENSINGH

Ref. Complaint Case No……………./2013

Under Section 300 of the Penal Code, 1860

                                                Mr. Habibur Rahman

                                    Son of late Abdul Quader Molla

                                    Village-Dapunia Kosaipara

                                    Mymensingh Sadar, Mymensingh

                                                                                                            ……………………Complaint

                                                                        Vs

Md. Tara Miah

Son of Late Md. Abdul Latif Molla

Village-Dapunia Kosaipara

                                    Mymensingh Sadar, Mymensingh

                                                                        ……………………….Accused

Witnesses:

1.      The complaint himself

2.      Abdul Khalek Molla

Son of Late Abdul Malek Molla

3.      Abdur Razzak Molla

 Abdul Malek Molla

4.      Shirin Begum

Wife of Abdur Razzak Molla

5.      Jahanara Khatun

Wife of Abdul Khalek Molla

Date of the Occurrence: 12^th April, 2013

Time of the Occurrence: 12:00 pm

Offence: Section 300 of the Penal Code, 1860

Place of the Occurrence: At the Home of Abdul Quader Molla, three kilometers east from Mymensingh Sadar Police Station.

The above named Complaint most respectfully

SHEWETH

1.      That the complaint is Habibur Rahman (20), address: Village-Dapunia Kosaipara, Mymensingh Sadar, Mymensingh.

2.      That the place of the occurrence is three kilometers east from Mymensingh Sadar Police Station.

3.      That the accused Tara Miah killed his elder brother Abdul Quader Molla around 12:00 pm of the 12^th day of April, 2013.

4.      That there had been a long standing dispute over a piece of land, inherited by victim’s sister Laily from her father Md. Abdul Latif Molla.

5.      That Laily inherited the disputed land from her father two years ago when her father died.

6.      That her brother Tara Miah used to induce her to sell the land to him for a nominal price. But Laily refused to sell the land to his brother Tara Miah.

7.      That on the day of the occurrence Laily came to visit her father’s home.

8.      That over the issue Laily and Tara Miah locked into a fierce altercation around 11:00 am before victim’s yard.

9.      That Abdul Quader Molla, son of Md. Abdul Latif Molla & elder brother of them rushed to the spot hearing the heated altercation.

10.  That Tara Miah also started quarreling with his elder brother Abdul Quader Molla.

11.  That at one stage of the quarreling Tara Miah hit Abdul Quader Molla with a sharp weapon that he felt down on the land.

12.  That Abdul Quader Molla was rushed to Mymensingh Medical College and Hospital (MMCH) & the duty doctor declared him as dead.

13.   That the complaint went to Shabagh Police Station to file a G.R. Case. But the Officer-in-Charge of The Police Station refused to enter any regular case instead he made only a G.D. entry regarding the allegation.

                                                                                                     

It is most humbly prayed that, your honour would graciously be pleased to examine the complaint & to take cognizance against the accused under section 300 of the Penal Code, 1860 by issuing process & upon taking evidence & punished the accused accordingly for the ends of justice.

Signature and Date